Hammerstone The Simplest and Oldest Stone Tool

A hammerstone (or hammer stone) is the archaeological term used for one of the oldest and simplest stone tools humans ever made: a rock used as a prehistoric hammer, to create percussion fractures on another rock. The end result is the creation of sharp-edged stone flakes from the second rock. Those flakes can then be used as ad hoc tools, or reworked into stone tools, depending on the technical skill and knowledge of the prehistoric flint knapper. Using a Hammerstone Hammerstones are typically made from a rounded cobble of medium-grained stone, such as quartzite or granite, weighing between 400 and 1000 grams (14-35 ounces or .8-2.2 pounds). The rock which is being fractured is typically of a finer-grained material, rocks such as flint, chert or obsidian. A right-handed flintknapper holds a hammerstone in her right (dominant) hand and bangs the stone on the flint core in her left, making thin flattish stone flakes come off the core. This process is sometimes called systematic flaking. A related technique called bipolar involves placing the flint core on a flat surface (called an anvil) and then using a hammerstone to smashing the top of the core into the anvils surface. Stones arent the only tool used to turn stone flakes into tools: bone or antler hammers (called batons) were used to complete the fine details. Using a hammerstone is called hard hammer percussion; using bone or antler batons is called soft hammer percussion. And, microscopic evidence of residues on hammerstones indicates that hammerstones were also used to butcher animals, in particular, to break animal bones to get at the marrow. Evidence of Hammerstone Use Archaeologists recognize rocks as hammerstones by the evidence of battering damage, pits and dimples on the original surface. They arent typically long-lived, either: an extensive study on hard hammer flake production (Moore et al. 2016) found that stone hammers used to strike flakes from large stone cobbles cause significant hammerstone attrition after a few blows and eventually they crack into several pieces. Archaeological and paleontological evidence proves that weve been using hammerstones for a very long time. The oldest stone flakes were made by African hominins 3.3 million years ago, and by 2.7 mya (at least), we were using those flakes to butcher animal carcasses (and probably wood-working as well). Technical Difficulty and Human Evolution Hammerstones are tools made not just by humans and our ancestors. Stone hammers are used by wild chimpanzees to crack nuts. When chimps use the same hammerstone more than once, the stones show the same kind of shallow dimpled and pitted surfaces as on human hammerstones. However, the bipolar technique is not used by chimpanzees, and that appears to be restricted to the hominins (humans and their ancestors). Wild chimpanzees do not systematically produce sharp-edged flakes: they can be taught to make flakes but they do not make or use stone-cutting tools in the wild. Hammerstones are part of the earliest identified human technology, called the Oldowan and found in hominin sites in the Ethiopian Rift valley. There, 2.5 million years ago, early hominins used hammerstones to butcher animals and extract marrow. Hammerstones used to deliberately produce flakes for other uses are also in the Oldowan technology, including evidence for the bipolar technique. Research Trends There has not been a lot of scholarly research specifically on hammerstones: most lithic studies are on the process and results of hard-hammer percussion, the flakes and tools made with the hammers. Faisal and colleagues (2010) asked people to make stone flakes using Lower Paleolithic methods (Oldowan and Acheulean) while wearing a data glove and electromagnetic position markers on their skulls. They found that the later Acheulean techniques use more diverse stable and dynamic left-hand grips on hammerstones and fire up different parts of the brain, including areas associated with language. Faisal and colleagues suggest this is evidence of the process of evolution of motor control of the hand-arm system by the Early Stone Age, with additional demands for the cognitive control of action by the Late Acheulean. Sources This article is part of the About.com guide to Stone Tool Categories, and part of the Dictionary of Archaeology Ambrose SH. 2001. Paleolithic Technology and Human Evolution. Science 291(5509):1748-1753. Eren MI, Roos CI, Story BA, von Cramon-Taubadel N, and Lycett SJ. 2014. The role of raw material differences in stone tool shape variation: an experimental assessment. Journal of Archaeological Science 49:472-487. Faisal A, Stout D, Apel J, and Bradley B. 2010. The Manipulative Complexity of Lower Paleolithic Stone Toolmaking. PLoS ONE 5(11):e13718. Hardy BL, Bolus M, and Conard NJ. 2008. Hammer or crescent wrench? Stone-tool form and function in the Aurignacian of southwest Germany. Journal of Human Evolution 54(5):648-662. Moore MW, and Perston Y. 2016. Experimental Insights into the Cognitive Significance of Early Stone Tools. PLoS ONE 11(7):e0158803. Shea JJ. 2007. Lithic archaeology, or, what stone tools can (and cant) tell us about early hominin diets. In: Ungar PS, editor. Evolution of the Human Diet: The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Stout D, Hecht E, Khreisheh N, Bradley B, and Chaminade T. 2015. Cognitive Demands of Lower Paleolithic Toolmaking. PLoS ONE 10(4):e0121804. Stout D, Passingham R, Frith C, Apel J, and Chaminade T. 2011. Technology, expertise and social cognition in human evolution. European Journal of Neuroscience 33(7):1328-1338.

Mechanisation and Human Life - 1237 Words

Mechanisation and Human Life Exercise 1 Mechanisation is providing human operators with machinery that assists them with the muscular requirements of work or displaces muscular work. In some fields, mechanization includes the use of hand tools. In modern usage, such as in engineering or economics, mechanization implies machinery more complex than had tools and would not include simple devices such as an un-geared horse or donkey mill. Automation/Mechanisation has had a notable impact in a wide range of industries beyond manufacturing (where it began). Once-ubiquitous telephone operators have been replaced largely by automated telephone switchboards and answering machines. Medical processes such as primary screening in†¦show more content†¦* Economy improvement: Automation may improve in economy of enterprises, society or most of humanity. For example, when an enterprise invests in automation, technology recovers its investment; or when a state or country increases its income due to automation like Germany or Japan in the 20th Century. Exercise 4 Economically, the key reason is that Mechanisation greatly increases output per worker-hour. For each worker a capitalist hired, they could get more cloth then then they could if a worker was doing everything by hand. Textile became cheaper as a result. So is the case with hundreds of thousands of other products. Economists tell us that advancing technology will never cause permanent job loss and widespread unemployment. They believe this because it has always been true in the past. Mechanization of agriculture in the twentieth century helped to dramatically increase global production of food and fiber to feed and clothe a burgeoning world population. Among the significant developments in agricultural mechanization in the twentieth century were the introduction of the tractor, various mechanical harvesters and pickers, and labor-saving technologies associated with internal combustion engines, electric motors, and hydraulics. Exercise 5: Letter to the News Paper Editor Dear Editor, I read the article â€Å"Mechanisation amp; Human Life† published in your newspaper and wanted to shareShow MoreRelatedReading 7 : Bell Money And Machine Word Count 400 Essay1600 Words   |  7 Pagesthe ‘making’ process of the products that it creates a ‘metabolic rift’, a rift or break in the relationship between humans and nature. Reading 8 McNeil industrial agriculture Word Count 393 This reading focused on the modern expansion of agriculture, the green revolution and the implication these had on the world, both socially and economically. 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He believed that priority should be given economically to the industrialisation

Can You Teach Compassion Free Essays

Can You â€Å"Teach† Compassion As nurse educators, who could be a better example of teaching compassion to us than the Son of God Himself, Jesus Christ? Jesus was the ultimate teacher, healer, and lover of mankind. Matthew 9:35-39 states: â€Å"Then Jesus went about all the cities and villages, teaching in their synagogues, preaching the gospel of the kingdom, and healing every sickness and every disease among the people. But when He saw the multitudes, He was moved with compassion for them, because they were weary and scattered, like sheep having no shepherd. We will write a custom essay sample on Can You Teach Compassion? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Then He said to His disciples, ‘The harvest truly is plentiful, but the laborers are few. Therefore pray the Lord of the harvest to send out laborers into His harvest. ’†(NKJV) As Christians, Jesus Christ is our example of how to live. If Jesus could have compassion for those who He loved, so should we. We should show this compassion to our patients as we seek to help them reach healing. We should seek to teach our students how to have compassion for those that they will serve. Compassion, or caring, can be viewed as â€Å"nursing’s most precious asset† (Schantz, 2007), a fundamental element of nursing care (Dietze and Orb, 2000), and as one of the strengths of the profession. One can think of few other professions that are known for their â€Å"caring†. But this act of caring does not come naturally to the nursing student-it must be taught. The nurse educator must seek out specific exercises to instill caring practices in the nursing student. According to Wright (2004), â€Å"Society has witnessed an increase in the power of technology, and this appears to be mirrored in nursing, where the technical and managerial aspects of care take priority over care delivery – possibly because the expansion of nurses’ role has eroded the essence of nursing. The nurse of today is so busy with computer charting, monitoring, and the technical duties of nursing that little time is actually left for â€Å"caring† for the patient. The nurse of today’s technology overloaded healthcare field must make a special effort to learn how to show compassion to his/her patients. Do nursing students understand compassionate care? According to Pearcey (2007), â€Å"student nurses considered that it was doing the little things for patients that constituted a caring approach. Pearcey goes on to offer the perspective that â€Å"nursing has a functional component or ‘doing’ role, as well as a ‘being’ role. † As human beings, we have all been touched by someone’s compassion for us. Therefore, most of us, including nursing students, have a basic understanding of what compassion is and how to administer it. That being said, nursing students do not automatically know how to integrate compassion into their daily nursing care and must be taught these skills. Dr. Patch Adams, M. D. (2011) of the Gesundheit Institute has studied the value of compassionate care and its positive effect on holistic care. He has encouraged, challenged, and enticed medical schools to include compassion training in their programs. Dr. Adams has suggested that medical (and nursing) students be included in a two-year study of compassion to help them learn to recognize, appreciate, and integrate compassion into every aspect of the care they give. His suggestions for a small student group study of compassion include: 1. Keep a journal about your relationship to love and compassion. What is it? Ask everyday—How are you giving it? (Pay close attention. Be present. ) How are you receiving it? From everything, from strangers, from trees, etc. ) 2. Do outrageous things for love, like clowning. 3. Actually see if you can produce the vibration of compassion for prolonged periods. What sustains it? (friends, having meaning, fun †¦ ) What hurts it? (arrogance, apathy, tight underwear †¦ ) Are there times you do not want to be compassionate? 4. Be observant of compassion in action around you, everywh ere. Give details of its languages. 5. Become aware of compassionate projects around the world and plan on at least one elective at a project. Post these projects on this website and ideally how to contact them. 6. Explore the language of love and compassion. Read psychologists and poets, write essays on things you love. Add books you love to our book list. 7. How do you recognize love/compassion? Are there measurements? 8. Do we invite professors in on our exploration? Who? 9. How do you change performances of compassion in different situations? 10. At the small weekly meetings, find easy ways to present your findings to the group. Mention difficulties and ways they were overcome. Search for common languages to speak of these things. Keep notes. Bring questions for the group and preceptor. Integrating these discussion topics to be used in small nursing student groups could effectively teach the nursing student to administer compassionate nursing care. Not to say that teaching compassion to nursing students is an easy job. Not only is compassion difficult to define, but even more difficult to measure, leading to a broad range of definitions and measurements that confound and discourage the teacher and the student. Newton (2010) argues that â€Å"the key to developing a compassionate nurse is being a role model for them so they know how to act with patients and what kinds of approaches to care they should take. Too often, we make assumptions that a junior nurse instinctively â€Å"knows† how to wash or feed a patient or how to deliver fundamental care. † In conclusion, according to researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (2008) emotions like compassion can be taught. The healthcare providers and patients expect and demand that nurses provide compassionate care. The challenge exists for nurse educators to model and teach compassionate nursing care in an ever-demanding, technologically growing nursing profession. References: Adams, P. (2011, March). Education of compassion. Patch Adams M. D. Gesundheit! Institute. Retrieved from http://patchadams. org/education-in-compassion-update-march-2011 Dietze, E. V. , Orb, A. (2000) Compassionate care: a moral dimension in nursing. Nursing Inquiry; 7: 3, 166-174. Fields, J. (2008, March 27). Can you really teach compassion? New study says yes. jonathanfields. Retrieved from http://www. jonathanfields. com/blog/can-you-really-teach-compassion-new-study- How to cite Can You Teach Compassion?, Essay examples

Business Development and Sales Management

Question: Discuss about the Business Development and Sales Management. Answer: Introduction The report consists of the extension of the company Yotaphone in United Kingdom market. It is a international company that are dedicated in selling and developing high technology consumer electronics that runs of LTE. The privately owned company sells like routers, phablets and smartphones. The report describes the selling of Yotaphone 2 in the market of United Kingdom. The smartphone will be available in the market in 2017 worldwide. The report will be followed in the structure of analysis of the U.K. market along with potential benefits of the product in the market. The smartphone by Yotaphone is the latest innovation of the company that is manufactured by conducting extensive market research collecting data on the latent needs of the company. The aim of the report is to provide a detailed analysis of Yotaphone 2 along with the value proposition of the company in fulfilling the demands of them by innovation of new products. The target market chosen for Yotaphone 2 is United Kingdom . The reason of choosing United Kingdom as a target market will be explained in the report. Strategies will be formulated based on the nature of the consumers and the economic environment of the country. Apart from that, the targets of Yotaphone 2 will be determined on weekly, yearly, or monthly basis along with formulation of strategies increasing sales. In the report, the strategy of sales, pricing strategies along with five sales activities in terms of launch of the smartphone Yotaphone 2 in United Kingdom market will be described in details. Analysis in United Kingdom United Kingdom has a population of 64928787 in the year of 2016. It is seen that the population growth of 0.63%. The median age of Yotaphone 2 customers are in between 25 to 35 years of age. The psychographic segmentation is the main aspect of target customers of United Kingdom. The sales of the smartphones depend on the economic statistics of United Kingdom. Yotaphone must consider these aspects in order to formulate strategies for the launch of Yotaphone 2 in United Kingdom. The GDP growth of United Kingdom is 0.5%. The GDP per capita is 43,770 USD as per 2015. The GDP of UK is $2.849 (Financial Times Limited, 2016). Strengths: Innovative dual screen design of Yotaphone 2 it is the only Russian smartphone manufacturer It has a free open source operating system It has a strong distribution channel (Page, 2013, p. 45). Weakness: Yotaphone 2 e-ink screen does not work in dim light. The phone has a processor that is one year old Yotaphone 2 does not have any memory card slot. There are no third party applications that can be used in the e-link screen (Kim et al., 2016, p. 942). Opportunities: Yotaphone has set a new trend and standard in terms of design of smartphones. For book readers, more functional replacement are available Yotaphone sales are more in the domestic market. The new model is responsible for the increase of sales in foreign markets. Threats: Ample amount of Chinese counterfeited phones. Problems may arise in the e-ink screens despite of gorilla glass. Lack of special algorithm or proximity sensors that will help in blocking the deactivate screen Li Seaton, 2015, p. 35). Yotaphone 2 is a niche product as the product is new to the category of concept smartphones. It is the number one company in Russian market. However, the company has its availability in different countries worldwide. As a niche product, the company has a popularity in many countries of the world. Evaluation of the Potential Yotaphone is inspired in order to take risks while innovating different forms of smartphones, phablets, etc. It has developed a new device in the smartphone category i.e. Yotaphone that has amazing features. The smartphone will certainly hit in the UK market. However, the company is a startup company that has achieved much reputation in the smartphone industry. The company is focused on its research and development department so that it can satisfy the demands of the customers (Haffey et al., 2013, p. 113). Yotaphone has focused on the idea of looking at the smartphone from the other side. It is present in the innovative product called Yotaphone 2. Yotaphone 2 is the latest product that will launch in the year of 2017 worldwide as well as in UK market. Yotaphone 2 has many features that are explained below. It is manufactured after conducting market research and following the recent trends in the smartphone industry. The technical unique specifications of Yotaphone 2 are described be low: The battery life of Yotaphone 2 is amazing. It has a 2500 mAh battery that runs up to 48 hours and more. It is due to the YotaEnergy mode. User will not be in problem if the phone is not charged due to the YotaEnergy app (Sarwar Soomro, 2013, p. 220). User can read up to 18 hours as the reading on EPD is 100h. The best part of the screen is user can read in the brightest sunlight. The screen at the backside can be transformed into a cover that suits the personal statement of the user. Any images can be selected in the EPD screen of Yotaphone 2 based on the choice of the customers. The phone has Grayscale levels of 16 and infinity self-expression. The phone has an auto refresh rate of 0.12 sec and e-ink display 4.7. User can customize the dashboards on the always-on screen with the help of the state of the art widgets (Mobilenewscwp, 2016). Yotaphone 2 is manufactured based on the current and future trends of smartphones in the market. The current trends include 1080p hd screen, fast charging, long battery life, etc. On the other hand, the future trends of smartphones include the dual screen on both sides of the device along with virtual and augmented reality. Apart from that, the visibility of the screen in the bright sunlight is an innovative technology in the aspect of display. The amazing features present in Yotaphone 2 will satisfy the requirements of the youth customers in United Kingdom. The tech lovers will feel an amazing experience on using this phone (Prabhat, 2015, p. 30). Country Choice For launching Yotaphone 2, United Kingdom is chosen. United Kingdom is a developed country. The demographic statistics and the economic data of GDP and GDP per capita illustrates that many customers that are eligible for affording the smartphone by Yotaphone. Yotaphone 2 can be considered in the category of concept smartphones. The features of the phone will definitely attract the market of United Kingdom. Smartphone market of United Kingdom is considered as the buck the trend in the coming two years. In the year of 2018, the unit sales set will grow by 5.5% i.e. 25 million. In the year of 2016, research has forecasted that the 24 million smartphones will be sold in the market. United Kingdom is considered as the fourth valuable smartphone market in this year after China, Japan, and India (Hsiao Chen, 2015, p. 160). However, it is seen that in United Kingdom, Apple and Samsung has the major contribution in the smartphone market share followed by HTC. It is not at all a positive thre at for Yotaphone to launch their new phone in the UK market. Globally it is pointed out that there is a sharp slowdown of the smartphones sales. Despite the trend of the slowdown of the smartphone sales, UK market is not at all by this global trend. The dynamic of the UK market constantly remains the same in the field of high value segments, and high end that benefits the top players of the market i.e. Apple and Samsung. In terms of operating system of the mobile phones in United Kingdom, Google Android ranks at the top followed by Apple iOS, and Microsoft. The market share as of 2015 Google Android, Apple iOS and Microsoft are 52.6%, 35.1% and 9.1% respectively. As of 2015, in the people use iOS more than that of Google Android, but the sales of Android phones are more than that of phones using other operating system of Microsoft and Apple iOS (Pandey Nakra, 2014, p. 7). Determination of Targets Yotaphone 2 will be a new innovation in the UK market. The commercial targets of the company will be categorized into monthly basis in terms of units sold in the UK market in different locations as well as in the online platforms. Then the strategies will be formulated for increasing the sales of the company. Yotaphone 2 in United Kingdom will be sold at 500. It is the retail price of the smartphone not only in United Kingdom market but also in Russian markets also. The company has expected the sales of 12,000 units in one month. However, the senior management of the company has stated that even if the number of sales is 5000, it also illustrate the demand of the phone in the UK market. On a yearly basis, it is expected that 150000 Yotaphone 2 will be sold in the market (Johnson et al., 2015, p. 30). After that, according to the feedback from the users of Yotaphone 2, further developments and changes can be done. Price will also be revised as per the volumes of the phone sold in the market. To increase the volume of the sales promotion of Yotaphone will be done in terms of both traditional media and digital media. Videos can be posted in YouTube where the company can interact with the potential customers. Direct marketing strategies can be adopted such as bulk emails to the followers and customers of Yotaphone along with SMS with specific features of Yotaphone 2. Satisfaction of the customers is necessary, as they will lead to Word of Mouth promotion. Advertisement in traditional can include television, gadget specific magazines, mall promotion, banner advertising, etc. Digital media include Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube promotion while engaging the followers regarding the features of Yotaphone 2. However, for increasing the sales of the company, goals of marketing needs to set so that within the period the sales of Yotaphone 2 will gets increased amount of sales in UK market (Hardwick et al., 2014, p, 303). The revenue goals of the company can be categorized into two categories such as long-term revenue goals and short-term revenue goals. It is forecasted that Yotaphone 2 will have maximum sales in the Russian market as well as in Chinese market. Sales of Yotaphone 2 will be increased by following the strategies mentioned above. It is estimated earlier that approximately 12,000 Yotaphone 2 will be sold in the United Kingdom. Short-term goals will increase the number of units sold in one month. Long-term revenue goals include the ways of meeting breakeven as soon as possible i.e. within 6 months of manufacturing the phone as well as overall growth of the company in terms of sales in United Kingdom (Alsajjan, 2014, p. 1088). Strategy Description There are different types of strategies that Yotaphone can implement in the United Kingdom market. Pricing strategy is one of the most vital strategies that a company can adopt in order to attract the customers to their products. Yotaphone 2 is a new company that has entered into the market with the concept of innovation of future smartphones and other devices that increase the demand of the product in the market. The pricing strategies to be adopted for Yotaphone 2 is premium pricing (Campbell-Kelly et al., 2015, p. 732). The company has focused into a niche market. Yotaphone 2 is the first smartphone ever that has the feature of dual screens. It is the most innovative feature for which the company charge premium price from the target customers. Strategy of premium pricing is defined as charging high price of the product while encouraging different perception i.e. favorable perceptions among target customers that are depended on price. Price is intentionally kept high for creating h ype among the minds of the youngsters as well as other group of customers. The aim of the strategy is that consumers are willing to pay more for innovative products or niche segment products. Novelty of future and latest trends hit the market is always appreciated by the consumers (Gerstein, Friedman, 2015, p. 25). United Kingdom has a huge market of smartphones that will definitely enhance the sales of Yotaphone 2 in the market. It also portrays the feature that the customers are served with best quality of products that will be not served by other companies. The product will be unique in its own features. After few months when the volume of sales of Yotaphone 2 will be increased then the price would be increased. Market research would be conducted for collecting the feedback of the customers regarding the phone. Further development will also be done if the phone has some defects in it along with increment of price (Hollensen, 2015, p. 112). Sales Activities Product launch is a vast aspect that consists of various types of activities such as planning, technical, procurement operations, product support, and marketing and sales activities. Yotaphone will focus on the marketing and the sales activities. In terms of sales activities, distribution channel has to be improved. Yotaphone 2 will be available not only on the company retail outlets but also on other retail outlets that are specialized in selling smartphones. Different outlets in shopping malls are to be targeted for the sales of the phones. Apart from that, sales personnel are to be trained effectively so that they can solve the queries of the customers while convincing them to buy Yotaphone 2 (Johnston Marshall, 2016, p. 68). Yotaphone 2 will also be available online in different popular websites such as Amazon, eBay, etc. for increased sales of the product. Different kinds of promotional strategies are to be implementing in the sales activities. The promotional strategies of vi sual merchandising, mall promotion, creating hype in digital media so that they can create a concept regarding the smartphones to the target customers, etc will be implemented along with the sales activities. Sales activities are the vital aspects of the strategy formation that Yotaphone must consider so that they can successfully launch Yotaphone 2 in different parts of United Kingdom. Different metropolitan cities of United Kingdom will be targeted for the launching of the product where the population density of the target customers is high (Sinisalo et al., 2015, p. 130). Gradually, the distribution channel will be increased so that the company can tap more retail outlets for the sale of Yotaphone 2. Conclusion The aim of the report is to provide an idea of launching of a product in a selected country. The product chosen in the report is Yotaphone 2 that will be launched in the United Kingdom market. The study describe different aspects of a success product launch along with the reasons of country choice, determination of targets and formulation of strategy that will increase the sales of Yotaphone 2 in the UK market. Apart from that, analysis of the market is described in details that covers economic data of United Kingdom along with SWOT analysis of the company. However, the plan that is formulated in the report will yield to fruitful results if implemented properly by different departments of Yotaphone. It is to be recommended that the mangers of the company have to follow up with the results at a regular interval so that the hindrances can be solved. In some areas, customization of the strategies can also be required for improving the volume of sales. References Alsajjan, B. A. (2014). Satisfaction-Trust Model: Developing Customer Satisfaction and Trust Indices for Mobile Service Providers in the UK.International Review of Management and Business Research,3(2), 1088. Campbell-Kelly, M., Garcia-Swartz, D., Lam, R., Yang, Y. (2015). Economic and business perspectives on smartphones as multi-sided platforms.Telecommunications Policy,39(8), 717-734. FINANCIAL TIMES LIMITED. 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