Hammerstone The Simplest and Oldest Stone Tool

A hammerstone (or hammer stone) is the archaeological term used for one of the oldest and simplest stone tools humans ever made: a rock used as a prehistoric hammer, to create percussion fractures on another rock. The end result is the creation of sharp-edged stone flakes from the second rock. Those flakes can then be used as ad hoc tools, or reworked into stone tools, depending on the technical skill and knowledge of the prehistoric flint knapper. Using a Hammerstone Hammerstones are typically made from a rounded cobble of medium-grained stone, such as quartzite or granite, weighing between 400 and 1000 grams (14-35 ounces or .8-2.2 pounds). The rock which is being fractured is typically of a finer-grained material, rocks such as flint, chert or obsidian. A right-handed flintknapper holds a hammerstone in her right (dominant) hand and bangs the stone on the flint core in her left, making thin flattish stone flakes come off the core. This process is sometimes called systematic flaking. A related technique called bipolar involves placing the flint core on a flat surface (called an anvil) and then using a hammerstone to smashing the top of the core into the anvils surface. Stones arent the only tool used to turn stone flakes into tools: bone or antler hammers (called batons) were used to complete the fine details. Using a hammerstone is called hard hammer percussion; using bone or antler batons is called soft hammer percussion. And, microscopic evidence of residues on hammerstones indicates that hammerstones were also used to butcher animals, in particular, to break animal bones to get at the marrow. Evidence of Hammerstone Use Archaeologists recognize rocks as hammerstones by the evidence of battering damage, pits and dimples on the original surface. They arent typically long-lived, either: an extensive study on hard hammer flake production (Moore et al. 2016) found that stone hammers used to strike flakes from large stone cobbles cause significant hammerstone attrition after a few blows and eventually they crack into several pieces. Archaeological and paleontological evidence proves that weve been using hammerstones for a very long time. The oldest stone flakes were made by African hominins 3.3 million years ago, and by 2.7 mya (at least), we were using those flakes to butcher animal carcasses (and probably wood-working as well). Technical Difficulty and Human Evolution Hammerstones are tools made not just by humans and our ancestors. Stone hammers are used by wild chimpanzees to crack nuts. When chimps use the same hammerstone more than once, the stones show the same kind of shallow dimpled and pitted surfaces as on human hammerstones. However, the bipolar technique is not used by chimpanzees, and that appears to be restricted to the hominins (humans and their ancestors). Wild chimpanzees do not systematically produce sharp-edged flakes: they can be taught to make flakes but they do not make or use stone-cutting tools in the wild. Hammerstones are part of the earliest identified human technology, called the Oldowan and found in hominin sites in the Ethiopian Rift valley. There, 2.5 million years ago, early hominins used hammerstones to butcher animals and extract marrow. Hammerstones used to deliberately produce flakes for other uses are also in the Oldowan technology, including evidence for the bipolar technique. Research Trends There has not been a lot of scholarly research specifically on hammerstones: most lithic studies are on the process and results of hard-hammer percussion, the flakes and tools made with the hammers. Faisal and colleagues (2010) asked people to make stone flakes using Lower Paleolithic methods (Oldowan and Acheulean) while wearing a data glove and electromagnetic position markers on their skulls. They found that the later Acheulean techniques use more diverse stable and dynamic left-hand grips on hammerstones and fire up different parts of the brain, including areas associated with language. Faisal and colleagues suggest this is evidence of the process of evolution of motor control of the hand-arm system by the Early Stone Age, with additional demands for the cognitive control of action by the Late Acheulean. Sources This article is part of the About.com guide to Stone Tool Categories, and part of the Dictionary of Archaeology Ambrose SH. 2001. Paleolithic Technology and Human Evolution. Science 291(5509):1748-1753. Eren MI, Roos CI, Story BA, von Cramon-Taubadel N, and Lycett SJ. 2014. The role of raw material differences in stone tool shape variation: an experimental assessment. Journal of Archaeological Science 49:472-487. Faisal A, Stout D, Apel J, and Bradley B. 2010. The Manipulative Complexity of Lower Paleolithic Stone Toolmaking. PLoS ONE 5(11):e13718. Hardy BL, Bolus M, and Conard NJ. 2008. Hammer or crescent wrench? Stone-tool form and function in the Aurignacian of southwest Germany. Journal of Human Evolution 54(5):648-662. Moore MW, and Perston Y. 2016. Experimental Insights into the Cognitive Significance of Early Stone Tools. PLoS ONE 11(7):e0158803. Shea JJ. 2007. Lithic archaeology, or, what stone tools can (and cant) tell us about early hominin diets. In: Ungar PS, editor. Evolution of the Human Diet: The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Stout D, Hecht E, Khreisheh N, Bradley B, and Chaminade T. 2015. Cognitive Demands of Lower Paleolithic Toolmaking. PLoS ONE 10(4):e0121804. Stout D, Passingham R, Frith C, Apel J, and Chaminade T. 2011. Technology, expertise and social cognition in human evolution. European Journal of Neuroscience 33(7):1328-1338.

Mechanisation and Human Life - 1237 Words

Mechanisation and Human Life Exercise 1 Mechanisation is providing human operators with machinery that assists them with the muscular requirements of work or displaces muscular work. In some fields, mechanization includes the use of hand tools. In modern usage, such as in engineering or economics, mechanization implies machinery more complex than had tools and would not include simple devices such as an un-geared horse or donkey mill. Automation/Mechanisation has had a notable impact in a wide range of industries beyond manufacturing (where it began). Once-ubiquitous telephone operators have been replaced largely by automated telephone switchboards and answering machines. Medical processes such as primary screening in†¦show more content†¦* Economy improvement: Automation may improve in economy of enterprises, society or most of humanity. For example, when an enterprise invests in automation, technology recovers its investment; or when a state or country increases its income due to automation like Germany or Japan in the 20th Century. Exercise 4 Economically, the key reason is that Mechanisation greatly increases output per worker-hour. For each worker a capitalist hired, they could get more cloth then then they could if a worker was doing everything by hand. Textile became cheaper as a result. So is the case with hundreds of thousands of other products. Economists tell us that advancing technology will never cause permanent job loss and widespread unemployment. They believe this because it has always been true in the past. Mechanization of agriculture in the twentieth century helped to dramatically increase global production of food and fiber to feed and clothe a burgeoning world population. Among the significant developments in agricultural mechanization in the twentieth century were the introduction of the tractor, various mechanical harvesters and pickers, and labor-saving technologies associated with internal combustion engines, electric motors, and hydraulics. Exercise 5: Letter to the News Paper Editor Dear Editor, I read the article â€Å"Mechanisation amp; Human Life† published in your newspaper and wanted to shareShow MoreRelatedReading 7 : Bell Money And Machine Word Count 400 Essay1600 Words   |  7 Pagesthe ‘making’ process of the products that it creates a ‘metabolic rift’, a rift or break in the relationship between humans and nature. Reading 8 McNeil industrial agriculture Word Count 393 This reading focused on the modern expansion of agriculture, the green revolution and the implication these had on the world, both socially and economically. 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He believed that priority should be given economically to the industrialisation

Can You Teach Compassion Free Essays

Can You â€Å"Teach† Compassion As nurse educators, who could be a better example of teaching compassion to us than the Son of God Himself, Jesus Christ? Jesus was the ultimate teacher, healer, and lover of mankind. Matthew 9:35-39 states: â€Å"Then Jesus went about all the cities and villages, teaching in their synagogues, preaching the gospel of the kingdom, and healing every sickness and every disease among the people. But when He saw the multitudes, He was moved with compassion for them, because they were weary and scattered, like sheep having no shepherd. We will write a custom essay sample on Can You Teach Compassion? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Then He said to His disciples, ‘The harvest truly is plentiful, but the laborers are few. Therefore pray the Lord of the harvest to send out laborers into His harvest. ’†(NKJV) As Christians, Jesus Christ is our example of how to live. If Jesus could have compassion for those who He loved, so should we. We should show this compassion to our patients as we seek to help them reach healing. We should seek to teach our students how to have compassion for those that they will serve. Compassion, or caring, can be viewed as â€Å"nursing’s most precious asset† (Schantz, 2007), a fundamental element of nursing care (Dietze and Orb, 2000), and as one of the strengths of the profession. One can think of few other professions that are known for their â€Å"caring†. But this act of caring does not come naturally to the nursing student-it must be taught. The nurse educator must seek out specific exercises to instill caring practices in the nursing student. According to Wright (2004), â€Å"Society has witnessed an increase in the power of technology, and this appears to be mirrored in nursing, where the technical and managerial aspects of care take priority over care delivery – possibly because the expansion of nurses’ role has eroded the essence of nursing. The nurse of today is so busy with computer charting, monitoring, and the technical duties of nursing that little time is actually left for â€Å"caring† for the patient. The nurse of today’s technology overloaded healthcare field must make a special effort to learn how to show compassion to his/her patients. Do nursing students understand compassionate care? According to Pearcey (2007), â€Å"student nurses considered that it was doing the little things for patients that constituted a caring approach. Pearcey goes on to offer the perspective that â€Å"nursing has a functional component or ‘doing’ role, as well as a ‘being’ role. † As human beings, we have all been touched by someone’s compassion for us. Therefore, most of us, including nursing students, have a basic understanding of what compassion is and how to administer it. That being said, nursing students do not automatically know how to integrate compassion into their daily nursing care and must be taught these skills. Dr. Patch Adams, M. D. (2011) of the Gesundheit Institute has studied the value of compassionate care and its positive effect on holistic care. He has encouraged, challenged, and enticed medical schools to include compassion training in their programs. Dr. Adams has suggested that medical (and nursing) students be included in a two-year study of compassion to help them learn to recognize, appreciate, and integrate compassion into every aspect of the care they give. His suggestions for a small student group study of compassion include: 1. Keep a journal about your relationship to love and compassion. What is it? Ask everyday—How are you giving it? (Pay close attention. Be present. ) How are you receiving it? From everything, from strangers, from trees, etc. ) 2. Do outrageous things for love, like clowning. 3. Actually see if you can produce the vibration of compassion for prolonged periods. What sustains it? (friends, having meaning, fun †¦ ) What hurts it? (arrogance, apathy, tight underwear †¦ ) Are there times you do not want to be compassionate? 4. Be observant of compassion in action around you, everywh ere. Give details of its languages. 5. Become aware of compassionate projects around the world and plan on at least one elective at a project. Post these projects on this website and ideally how to contact them. 6. Explore the language of love and compassion. Read psychologists and poets, write essays on things you love. Add books you love to our book list. 7. How do you recognize love/compassion? Are there measurements? 8. Do we invite professors in on our exploration? Who? 9. How do you change performances of compassion in different situations? 10. At the small weekly meetings, find easy ways to present your findings to the group. Mention difficulties and ways they were overcome. Search for common languages to speak of these things. Keep notes. Bring questions for the group and preceptor. Integrating these discussion topics to be used in small nursing student groups could effectively teach the nursing student to administer compassionate nursing care. Not to say that teaching compassion to nursing students is an easy job. Not only is compassion difficult to define, but even more difficult to measure, leading to a broad range of definitions and measurements that confound and discourage the teacher and the student. Newton (2010) argues that â€Å"the key to developing a compassionate nurse is being a role model for them so they know how to act with patients and what kinds of approaches to care they should take. Too often, we make assumptions that a junior nurse instinctively â€Å"knows† how to wash or feed a patient or how to deliver fundamental care. † In conclusion, according to researchers at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (2008) emotions like compassion can be taught. The healthcare providers and patients expect and demand that nurses provide compassionate care. The challenge exists for nurse educators to model and teach compassionate nursing care in an ever-demanding, technologically growing nursing profession. References: Adams, P. (2011, March). Education of compassion. Patch Adams M. D. Gesundheit! Institute. Retrieved from http://patchadams. org/education-in-compassion-update-march-2011 Dietze, E. V. , Orb, A. (2000) Compassionate care: a moral dimension in nursing. Nursing Inquiry; 7: 3, 166-174. Fields, J. (2008, March 27). Can you really teach compassion? New study says yes. jonathanfields. Retrieved from http://www. jonathanfields. com/blog/can-you-really-teach-compassion-new-study- How to cite Can You Teach Compassion?, Essay examples

Business Development and Sales Management

Question: Discuss about the Business Development and Sales Management. Answer: Introduction The report consists of the extension of the company Yotaphone in United Kingdom market. It is a international company that are dedicated in selling and developing high technology consumer electronics that runs of LTE. The privately owned company sells like routers, phablets and smartphones. The report describes the selling of Yotaphone 2 in the market of United Kingdom. The smartphone will be available in the market in 2017 worldwide. The report will be followed in the structure of analysis of the U.K. market along with potential benefits of the product in the market. The smartphone by Yotaphone is the latest innovation of the company that is manufactured by conducting extensive market research collecting data on the latent needs of the company. The aim of the report is to provide a detailed analysis of Yotaphone 2 along with the value proposition of the company in fulfilling the demands of them by innovation of new products. The target market chosen for Yotaphone 2 is United Kingdom . The reason of choosing United Kingdom as a target market will be explained in the report. Strategies will be formulated based on the nature of the consumers and the economic environment of the country. Apart from that, the targets of Yotaphone 2 will be determined on weekly, yearly, or monthly basis along with formulation of strategies increasing sales. In the report, the strategy of sales, pricing strategies along with five sales activities in terms of launch of the smartphone Yotaphone 2 in United Kingdom market will be described in details. Analysis in United Kingdom United Kingdom has a population of 64928787 in the year of 2016. It is seen that the population growth of 0.63%. The median age of Yotaphone 2 customers are in between 25 to 35 years of age. The psychographic segmentation is the main aspect of target customers of United Kingdom. The sales of the smartphones depend on the economic statistics of United Kingdom. Yotaphone must consider these aspects in order to formulate strategies for the launch of Yotaphone 2 in United Kingdom. The GDP growth of United Kingdom is 0.5%. The GDP per capita is 43,770 USD as per 2015. The GDP of UK is $2.849 (Financial Times Limited, 2016). Strengths: Innovative dual screen design of Yotaphone 2 it is the only Russian smartphone manufacturer It has a free open source operating system It has a strong distribution channel (Page, 2013, p. 45). Weakness: Yotaphone 2 e-ink screen does not work in dim light. The phone has a processor that is one year old Yotaphone 2 does not have any memory card slot. There are no third party applications that can be used in the e-link screen (Kim et al., 2016, p. 942). Opportunities: Yotaphone has set a new trend and standard in terms of design of smartphones. For book readers, more functional replacement are available Yotaphone sales are more in the domestic market. The new model is responsible for the increase of sales in foreign markets. Threats: Ample amount of Chinese counterfeited phones. Problems may arise in the e-ink screens despite of gorilla glass. Lack of special algorithm or proximity sensors that will help in blocking the deactivate screen Li Seaton, 2015, p. 35). Yotaphone 2 is a niche product as the product is new to the category of concept smartphones. It is the number one company in Russian market. However, the company has its availability in different countries worldwide. As a niche product, the company has a popularity in many countries of the world. Evaluation of the Potential Yotaphone is inspired in order to take risks while innovating different forms of smartphones, phablets, etc. It has developed a new device in the smartphone category i.e. Yotaphone that has amazing features. The smartphone will certainly hit in the UK market. However, the company is a startup company that has achieved much reputation in the smartphone industry. The company is focused on its research and development department so that it can satisfy the demands of the customers (Haffey et al., 2013, p. 113). Yotaphone has focused on the idea of looking at the smartphone from the other side. It is present in the innovative product called Yotaphone 2. Yotaphone 2 is the latest product that will launch in the year of 2017 worldwide as well as in UK market. Yotaphone 2 has many features that are explained below. It is manufactured after conducting market research and following the recent trends in the smartphone industry. The technical unique specifications of Yotaphone 2 are described be low: The battery life of Yotaphone 2 is amazing. It has a 2500 mAh battery that runs up to 48 hours and more. It is due to the YotaEnergy mode. User will not be in problem if the phone is not charged due to the YotaEnergy app (Sarwar Soomro, 2013, p. 220). User can read up to 18 hours as the reading on EPD is 100h. The best part of the screen is user can read in the brightest sunlight. The screen at the backside can be transformed into a cover that suits the personal statement of the user. Any images can be selected in the EPD screen of Yotaphone 2 based on the choice of the customers. The phone has Grayscale levels of 16 and infinity self-expression. The phone has an auto refresh rate of 0.12 sec and e-ink display 4.7. User can customize the dashboards on the always-on screen with the help of the state of the art widgets (Mobilenewscwp, 2016). Yotaphone 2 is manufactured based on the current and future trends of smartphones in the market. The current trends include 1080p hd screen, fast charging, long battery life, etc. On the other hand, the future trends of smartphones include the dual screen on both sides of the device along with virtual and augmented reality. Apart from that, the visibility of the screen in the bright sunlight is an innovative technology in the aspect of display. The amazing features present in Yotaphone 2 will satisfy the requirements of the youth customers in United Kingdom. The tech lovers will feel an amazing experience on using this phone (Prabhat, 2015, p. 30). Country Choice For launching Yotaphone 2, United Kingdom is chosen. United Kingdom is a developed country. The demographic statistics and the economic data of GDP and GDP per capita illustrates that many customers that are eligible for affording the smartphone by Yotaphone. Yotaphone 2 can be considered in the category of concept smartphones. The features of the phone will definitely attract the market of United Kingdom. Smartphone market of United Kingdom is considered as the buck the trend in the coming two years. In the year of 2018, the unit sales set will grow by 5.5% i.e. 25 million. In the year of 2016, research has forecasted that the 24 million smartphones will be sold in the market. United Kingdom is considered as the fourth valuable smartphone market in this year after China, Japan, and India (Hsiao Chen, 2015, p. 160). However, it is seen that in United Kingdom, Apple and Samsung has the major contribution in the smartphone market share followed by HTC. It is not at all a positive thre at for Yotaphone to launch their new phone in the UK market. Globally it is pointed out that there is a sharp slowdown of the smartphones sales. Despite the trend of the slowdown of the smartphone sales, UK market is not at all by this global trend. The dynamic of the UK market constantly remains the same in the field of high value segments, and high end that benefits the top players of the market i.e. Apple and Samsung. In terms of operating system of the mobile phones in United Kingdom, Google Android ranks at the top followed by Apple iOS, and Microsoft. The market share as of 2015 Google Android, Apple iOS and Microsoft are 52.6%, 35.1% and 9.1% respectively. As of 2015, in the people use iOS more than that of Google Android, but the sales of Android phones are more than that of phones using other operating system of Microsoft and Apple iOS (Pandey Nakra, 2014, p. 7). Determination of Targets Yotaphone 2 will be a new innovation in the UK market. The commercial targets of the company will be categorized into monthly basis in terms of units sold in the UK market in different locations as well as in the online platforms. Then the strategies will be formulated for increasing the sales of the company. Yotaphone 2 in United Kingdom will be sold at 500. It is the retail price of the smartphone not only in United Kingdom market but also in Russian markets also. The company has expected the sales of 12,000 units in one month. However, the senior management of the company has stated that even if the number of sales is 5000, it also illustrate the demand of the phone in the UK market. On a yearly basis, it is expected that 150000 Yotaphone 2 will be sold in the market (Johnson et al., 2015, p. 30). After that, according to the feedback from the users of Yotaphone 2, further developments and changes can be done. Price will also be revised as per the volumes of the phone sold in the market. To increase the volume of the sales promotion of Yotaphone will be done in terms of both traditional media and digital media. Videos can be posted in YouTube where the company can interact with the potential customers. Direct marketing strategies can be adopted such as bulk emails to the followers and customers of Yotaphone along with SMS with specific features of Yotaphone 2. Satisfaction of the customers is necessary, as they will lead to Word of Mouth promotion. Advertisement in traditional can include television, gadget specific magazines, mall promotion, banner advertising, etc. Digital media include Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube promotion while engaging the followers regarding the features of Yotaphone 2. However, for increasing the sales of the company, goals of marketing needs to set so that within the period the sales of Yotaphone 2 will gets increased amount of sales in UK market (Hardwick et al., 2014, p, 303). The revenue goals of the company can be categorized into two categories such as long-term revenue goals and short-term revenue goals. It is forecasted that Yotaphone 2 will have maximum sales in the Russian market as well as in Chinese market. Sales of Yotaphone 2 will be increased by following the strategies mentioned above. It is estimated earlier that approximately 12,000 Yotaphone 2 will be sold in the United Kingdom. Short-term goals will increase the number of units sold in one month. Long-term revenue goals include the ways of meeting breakeven as soon as possible i.e. within 6 months of manufacturing the phone as well as overall growth of the company in terms of sales in United Kingdom (Alsajjan, 2014, p. 1088). Strategy Description There are different types of strategies that Yotaphone can implement in the United Kingdom market. Pricing strategy is one of the most vital strategies that a company can adopt in order to attract the customers to their products. Yotaphone 2 is a new company that has entered into the market with the concept of innovation of future smartphones and other devices that increase the demand of the product in the market. The pricing strategies to be adopted for Yotaphone 2 is premium pricing (Campbell-Kelly et al., 2015, p. 732). The company has focused into a niche market. Yotaphone 2 is the first smartphone ever that has the feature of dual screens. It is the most innovative feature for which the company charge premium price from the target customers. Strategy of premium pricing is defined as charging high price of the product while encouraging different perception i.e. favorable perceptions among target customers that are depended on price. Price is intentionally kept high for creating h ype among the minds of the youngsters as well as other group of customers. The aim of the strategy is that consumers are willing to pay more for innovative products or niche segment products. Novelty of future and latest trends hit the market is always appreciated by the consumers (Gerstein, Friedman, 2015, p. 25). United Kingdom has a huge market of smartphones that will definitely enhance the sales of Yotaphone 2 in the market. It also portrays the feature that the customers are served with best quality of products that will be not served by other companies. The product will be unique in its own features. After few months when the volume of sales of Yotaphone 2 will be increased then the price would be increased. Market research would be conducted for collecting the feedback of the customers regarding the phone. Further development will also be done if the phone has some defects in it along with increment of price (Hollensen, 2015, p. 112). Sales Activities Product launch is a vast aspect that consists of various types of activities such as planning, technical, procurement operations, product support, and marketing and sales activities. Yotaphone will focus on the marketing and the sales activities. In terms of sales activities, distribution channel has to be improved. Yotaphone 2 will be available not only on the company retail outlets but also on other retail outlets that are specialized in selling smartphones. Different outlets in shopping malls are to be targeted for the sales of the phones. Apart from that, sales personnel are to be trained effectively so that they can solve the queries of the customers while convincing them to buy Yotaphone 2 (Johnston Marshall, 2016, p. 68). Yotaphone 2 will also be available online in different popular websites such as Amazon, eBay, etc. for increased sales of the product. Different kinds of promotional strategies are to be implementing in the sales activities. The promotional strategies of vi sual merchandising, mall promotion, creating hype in digital media so that they can create a concept regarding the smartphones to the target customers, etc will be implemented along with the sales activities. Sales activities are the vital aspects of the strategy formation that Yotaphone must consider so that they can successfully launch Yotaphone 2 in different parts of United Kingdom. Different metropolitan cities of United Kingdom will be targeted for the launching of the product where the population density of the target customers is high (Sinisalo et al., 2015, p. 130). Gradually, the distribution channel will be increased so that the company can tap more retail outlets for the sale of Yotaphone 2. Conclusion The aim of the report is to provide an idea of launching of a product in a selected country. The product chosen in the report is Yotaphone 2 that will be launched in the United Kingdom market. The study describe different aspects of a success product launch along with the reasons of country choice, determination of targets and formulation of strategy that will increase the sales of Yotaphone 2 in the UK market. Apart from that, analysis of the market is described in details that covers economic data of United Kingdom along with SWOT analysis of the company. However, the plan that is formulated in the report will yield to fruitful results if implemented properly by different departments of Yotaphone. It is to be recommended that the mangers of the company have to follow up with the results at a regular interval so that the hindrances can be solved. In some areas, customization of the strategies can also be required for improving the volume of sales. References Alsajjan, B. A. (2014). Satisfaction-Trust Model: Developing Customer Satisfaction and Trust Indices for Mobile Service Providers in the UK.International Review of Management and Business Research,3(2), 1088. Campbell-Kelly, M., Garcia-Swartz, D., Lam, R., Yang, Y. (2015). Economic and business perspectives on smartphones as multi-sided platforms.Telecommunications Policy,39(8), 717-734. FINANCIAL TIMES LIMITED. (2016) The UK economy at glance. [Online] Available from: https://ig.ft.com/sites/numbers/economies/uk. [Accessed 23rd November 2016] Gerstein, M., Friedman, H. H. (2015). Smart Pricing Strategies for the Internet Age: A Primer.Journal of Accounting and Finance,15(2), 25. Haffey, F., Brady, R. R., Maxwell, S. (2013). A comparison of the reliability of smartphone apps for opioid conversion.Drug safety,36(2), 111-117. Hardwick, J., Delarue, L., Ardley, B., Taylor, N. (2014). Mobile phones purchases and consumer decision making process: the role of Facebook online advertising.Computer-Mediated Marketing Strategies: Social Media and Online Brand Communities: Social Media and Online Brand Communities, 303. Hollensen, S. (2015).Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Hsiao, M. H., Chen, L. C. (2015). Smart phone demand: An empirical study on the relationships between phone handset, Internet access and mobile services.Telematics and Informatics,32(1), 158-168. Johnson, K. K., Kim, H. Y., Mun, J. M., Lee, J. Y. (2015). Keeping customers shopping in stores: interrelationships among store attributes, shopping enjoyment, and place attachment.The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research,25(1), 20-34. Johnston, M. W., Marshall, G. W. (2016).Sales force management: Leadership, innovation, technology. Routledge. Kim, M. K., Wong, S. F., Chang, Y., Park, J. H. (2016). Determinants of customer loyalty in the korean smartphone market: moderating effects of usage characteristics.Telematics and Informatics,33(4), 936-949. Li, T., Seaton, B. (2015). Emerging consumer orientation, ethical perceptions, and purchase intention in the counterfeit smartphone market in China.Journal of International Consumer Marketing,27(1), 27-53. Mobilenewscwp. (2016) GfK: UK smartphone market is bucking the trend [Online] Available from: https://www.mobilenewscwp.co.uk/2016/03/10/gfk-uk-smartphone-market-is-bucking-the-trend/. [Accessed 23rd November 2016] Page, T. (2013). Smartphone Technology, Consumer Attachment and Mass Customisation.International Journal of Green Computing (IJGC),4(2), 38-57. Pandey, M., Nakra, N. (2014). Consumer Preference Towards Smartphone Brands, with Special Reference to Android Operating System.IUP Journal of Marketing Management,13(4), 7. Prabhat, D. (2015). The Brand Perception among the Mobile Phone Users-A Comprehension.Scholedge International Journal of Multidisciplinary Allied Studies ISSN 2394-336X,1(3), 27-31. Sarwar, M., Soomro, T. R. (2013). Impact of Smartphones on Society.European Journal of Scientific Research,98(2), 216-226. Sinisalo, J., Karjaluoto, H., Saraniemi, S. (2015). Barriers to the use of mobile sales force automation systems: a salespersons perspective.Journal of Systems and Information Technology,17(2), 121-140.

Wireless Network communication Essay Example

Wireless Network communication Essay The executives of the company are interested in applying wireless technology to make their network more efficient and to increase customer service. Executives have kept up with wireless trends in the trucking market and they also know that company needs to increase employee productivity and customer response. Handheld devices will enable the employees to respond to customer pages. These devices will make it easy to assess the customers who need assistance and respond to them quickly. When a customer requests specific information, the sales associates with that particular expertise can respond. Since employee incentives are based on commission and customer satisfaction, handheld devices will become sales associates’ pagers. After careful evaluation of several client interview and surveys the following requirements are base-lined for the wireless implementation: Provide wireless access for laptops in all three offices. Provide wireless connectivity in conference rooms in the main office building. Provide a replacement to the leased T-1s that connect two satellite buildings (branch offices) to the main building. Provide increased bandwidth to the satellite buildings. Company’s stuff should be able to often travel to a remote site and want to walk up to a shared printer, connect and print a document without having to physically connect using a standard printer cable. People should be able be connected to my corporate LAN while moving about in the office building or campus. Stuffs should be able to access to e-mail and web resources while traveling away from the home office. The inventory tracking will be done in real time through RFID implementation. Designing and implementation of the Wireless Network We will write a custom essay sample on Wireless Network communication specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Wireless Network communication specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Wireless Network communication specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The approach is straightforward—we must determine how to address the customer’s needs and make sure they are well defined; the owner and his management team must verify information about the employees and the customers for you. After the approach is determined, we’ll begin the planning by defining the network elements and their placement, and gathering details about the physical space and the intended use. After ample design time, our team will purchase the hardware elements, and then implement the design by installing and configuring the hardware elements and making the necessary software changes. During implementation, we’ll have to test every aspect of the system, including the range of the handheld devices and the ability to check bar codes on the loading dock. At the end of the implementation phase, you should be able to verify that the results fulfill the needs of client. (R. Hutchins and E. W. Zegura, 2000, 1) Pre-Deployment Preparation The company operates two leased satellite office buildings surrounding an eight-story central main office tower. The company operates three leased satellite office buildings surrounding an eight-story central main office tower. In the current physical network, all the satellite buildings use internal Category 5 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) wiring. The Administration department expressed the need for LAN access in conference rooms in the main building. Since all employees are receiving laptop computers, all departments will require the ability to access the network from anywhere in the satellite buildings and in the conference room in the main office building. The satellite buildings connect to the main office via leased T-1 links. The wireless network must provide security and encryption. (D. Tang and M. Baker,2000, 56) Implementation of WLAN and WPAN To fulfill the requirements 1, 2, 3 and 4 we will implant a Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and Wireless Private Area Network (WPAN) communication within the buildings and campus. A wireless LAN or WLAN is a wireless local area network that uses radio waves as a carrier, to give a network connection to all users in the vicinity. Areas may range from a single room to an entire campus. The network usually uses cables, with one or more wireless access points connecting the wireless users to the wired network. A private network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication between computer devices (including telephones and personal digital assistants) close to a person. The scope of a PAN is typically a few meters. PAN can be used for communication between personal devices themselves (intrapersonal communication), or to connect to a higher level and the Internet (an uplink). (Hutchins and E. W. Zegura, 2002) Personal area networks May be connected to the computer, such as USB and Firewire. A wireless personal network (WPAN) can also be made possible with network technologies such as IrDA and Bluetooth. A WPAN typically has a range of 10 meters, although ranges of up to 100 meters can be achieved under ideal circumstances. To implement that WLAN and WPAN we will use the following technologies and third party providers: Bluetooth: It is an industrial specification for wireless personal networks (PAN). Bluetooth allows you to connect and exchange information between devices like personal digital assistants (PDAs), mobile phones, laptops, computers, printers and digital cameras via a secure, low cost, the globally available radio frequency short range. Bluetooth enables these devices to communicate among them when they come in range, even if they are not in the same room, as long as they are up to 100 meters (328 feet) on the other, depending on the class power product. Products are available in three power classes: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Class 3 (1 mW) is the rarest and allows the transmission of 10 centimeters (3.9 inches) with a maximum of 1 meter (3.2 feet) 2. Class 2 (2.5 mW) is the most common and allows a transmission distance of the city of 10 meters (32 feet) 3.   Class 1 (100 mW) is the longest reaching up to 100 meters. This category of product is readily available. Cellular Network Provider: Otherwise known as a Mobile Network Operator, this is the organization that manages the GSM network.   The physical implementation of the architecture may well have a Cellular Network Provider location for each GSM network provider company. Network Access Provider : The company that provides the infrastructure that facilitates wireless LAN connectivity and other forms of public network access such as ADSL and public Ethernet LAN. Access Points: Access points (APs) are the most frequently installed infrastructure (non-client) devices. They provide access to the WLAN and may bridge to a wired LAN. An AP is basically a small computer that includes one or more radios and usually one Ethernet port. Inside the AP is a processor and memory. In fact, one of the big differences between enterprise-class APs and those designed for SOHO implementations is the processing power and the amount of memory available in the AP. (I. F. Akyildiz, 2002, 38(4):393–422) Wi-Fi: Wi-Fi is a play on the old audio term Hi-Fi (high fidelity). The term also has been trademarked by the Wi-Fi Alliance (formerly the Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance). Today, Wi-Fi is most commonly used to describe a wireless local area network based on the IEEE 802.11 series of standards, which is a set of wireless technical specifications issued by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). The IEEE is an international professional organization for electrical and electronics engineers, with formal links with the International Organization for Standardization (more commonly known as the ISO). (Balfanz, 2002, 23–35) Wi-Fi Hotspot: This is an area where wireless LAN (802.11b) coverage is available to a subscriber in the buildings and main office. Note that some of the locations maybe managed by the same organization.   For example, the WiFi Hotspot would most likely be managed by the Network Access Provider.   It is also possible for the Cellular Network Provider and Network Access Provider to be the same organization. Implantation of WLAN and WPAN When designing a wireless network in each of the satellite building, we must determine the placement of antennas and access points for best coverage. In this example, the mechanical room, elevators, and communications room are sources of frequency interference that we need to consider. A single omnidirectional antenna might be capable of covering the office area in a satellite building (over 100 feet). However, with the interference items to consider, it would be better to place omnidirectional antennas (and access points) in each hallway to get better coverage. Also, each access point can provide redundancy. If one access point fails, the other provides access to all computers on the floor. The wireless device will typically be a WiFi-enabled laptop, or PDA in each building. In the case of GPRS access the device will most likely be a PDA, but it could also be a laptop with a PCMCIA GPRS modem, or a cell phone. Traffic from each device will find its way to the Access Controller at the Network Access Provider. Access to Network Access Provider could be via: Public Wireless LAN Hotspot (802.11b) Public LAN, Hotspot (Ethernet), GPRS (requires SIM), ADSL (or dial-up) or Enterprise (Wireless) LAN. Figure 1: Placement of Access Point Antennas in Satellite Buildings The access point wireless bridges will be placed on shelves near the antennas. The Ethernet ports of the access point bridges will be connected to the LAN switches that serve the floor. The LAN switch must be configured to permit multiple media access control (MAC) addresses on the data port. Installation of the access point devices and antennas in the building floors as described in the design: Step1: Mount the antennas in the hallways, and connect cables to the access point devices in the nearby offices. Step2: Connect the access points to the floor LAN switch. Step3: Configure the access point frequencies, keeping configuration information available for laptop configuration. Step4: Configure the access point for bridging, and enable multiple MAC addresses on the LAN switch. At this point we are ready to test wireless access throughout the floor plan. We begin by verifying access from each office and the conference room. The main office laptops can be equipped with the wireless PC Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA) cards and configured to connect to the LAN via the access points. Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN) Implementation To fulfill the requirement 5 which should allow stuffs to be able to access to e-mail and web resources while traveling away from the home office we will implement WWAN. Wireless WAN covers a much wider area than wireless LAN (WLAN). Unlike WLANs, which offer little mobility of users and are generally used to enable mobility of the entire network, WWANs facilitate connectivity for mobile users such as business travelers. In general, WWANs allow users to maintain access to work and applications related to information outside their office. WAN wireless communication occurs primarily through the use of radio signals from analog, digital cellular or PCS networks, although the transmission of signals through microwaves and other electromagnetic waves is also possible. Today, most wireless data communication takes place across cellular 2G systems such as CDMA, PDC and GSM, or through packet data technologies older analog systems. Although the traditional analogue networks, having been designed for voice rather than data transfer, some have problems, some 2G (second generation) and new 3G (third generation) digital cellular networks are fully integrated for data / voice. With the advent of 3G networks, the speed of transfer should also increase strongly. WWAN connectivity requires wireless modems and infrastructure wireless network, provided that the remuneration for service from a wireless service. Portable devices to receive communications from wireless modems connected and wireless networks to interact via radio waves. The radio modem directly interfaces with the towers that carry the signal to a mobile switching center, where the signal is transmitted over public networks or private link (ie, telephone, other high-speed line, or the Internet). From there, the signal can be transferred to an existing network. Similarly, WWANs can communicate with the Internet. For small devices such as handhelds and mobile phones, a universal specification known as Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is to facilitate the delivery and presentation of Web content. The demand for Web content is sent through the wireless network to a WAP gateway, where it is processed and the required information is retrieved and returned. WAP supports most wireless networks and mobile operating systems. As for wireless LANs, wireless WANs have many interference problems associated with their dependence on terrestrial radio networks. Weather, terrain and other naturally occurring conditions can cause prolonged latency and other disturbances in the chain of radio. Nevertheless, the extensive wireless networks have many inherent advantages, namely the improvement of productivity in real-time access to information Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Implementation To fulfill the requirements of inventory tracking in real time we will implant RFID technology within the buildings. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and retrieving data remotely using RFID tags or transponders. An RFID tag is a small object that can be attached or incorporated into a product, animal, or person. RFID tags contain antennas to enable them to receive and respond to radio-frequency queries from RFID transmitter-receiver. Passive tags require no internal power source, whereas active tags require a power source. Types of RFID tags RFID tags can be active or passive. Passive RFID tags are not internal power. The minute electrical current induced in the antenna by the new radio frequency signal provides just enough power for the tag to transmit a response. Due to lack of power and cost, the response of a passive RFID tag is brief typically just an ID number (GUID). The lack of electrical power on board means that the device may be very low trade in products which can be embedded under the skin. In 2005, the smallest such devices commercially available measured 0.4 mm Ãâ€" 0.4 mm, which is thinner than a sheet of paper, these devices are practically invisible. Passive tags on practical read distances ranging from 10 mm to about 6 meters. Active RFID tags, on the other hand, have an internal power source, and May have longer range and more memories than passive tags, as well as the ability to store additional information sent by the transmitter. At present, the smallest active tags are about the size of a coin. Many active tags have ranges of several tens of meters, and a battery life of 10 years. Because passive tags are cheaper to manufacture and have no battery, the majority of RFID tags in existence are of the passive variety. In 2004, these tags cost from U.S. $ 0.40 in high volume. Universal RFID tagging of products commercially viable at very large volumes of 10 billion units per year, resulting in production costs to less than $ 0.05 according to a U.S. manufacturer. The current demand for integrated circuit chips RFID is not ready to support that price. The independent research analysts Forrester and Gartner, companies agree that the search for price less than $ 0.10 (the volume of production of one billion units) is achievable in 6-8 years, limiting the short term for the widespread adoption of passive RFID. Other analysts believe that these prices are feasible in 10-15 years. While the cost of passive tags on the benefits of smart tags are important, other factors, including accuracy, performance in certain environments such as around water or metal, reliability and make the use of active tags very common today. There are four different types of tags commonly in use. They are categorized by their radio frequency: low frequency tags (125 or 134.2 kHz), high frequency tags (13.56 MHz), UHF tags (868 to 956 MHz) and microwave tags (2.45 GHz). UHF tags can not be used globally as there are no global regulations for their use. The RFID system An RFID system May consist of several components: tags, readers, edge servers, middleware, and application software. The purpose of an RFID system is to enable data to be transmitted by a mobile device, called a tag, which is read by an RFID reader and processed according to the needs of a particular application. The data transmitted by the tag May provide identification or location information, or details of the marked product, such as price, color, purchase date, etc. The use of RFID in applications monitoring and access first appeared in the 1980s. RFID quickly attracted attention because of its ability to track moving objects. As technology is refined, more pervasive and possibly invasive uses for RFID tags are being prepared. In an RFID system, individual objects are equipped with a small, inexpensive tag. The tag contains a transponder with a digital memory chip that is given an electronic product code. The interrogator, an antenna comes with a transceiver and decoder, emits a signal activating the RFID tag, it can read and write data. When an RFID tag passes through the electromagnetic zone, it detects the activation signal of the reader. The reader decodes the data encoded on the label of the integrated circuit (silicon chip) and data are transmitted to the host computer for processing. In our case UHF tags (868 to 956 MHz) will be used to deploy the RDIF solution. Testing the implementation We need to test all of the wireless devices and links we implemented. When installing the wireless antennas, the testing capabilities of the access point devices will be used to make sure that the wireless connection is reliable. If we encounter problems with the connection, we will try moving the antenna in one or the other direction to correct the problem. Also we will verify that interference is not caused by trees or reflection from nearby buildings.

Free Essays on Existence Of God

My argument falls under the issues of religion and faith because the main question asked is, to believe or not to believe? The problem I see concerning this issue is not whether we believe in God, but if He truly exists. The only example I can think of to illustrate this problem would be to say, â€Å"What if?† What if we believe and it turns out that there is nothing after death or what if we believe but we find that faith has counted for nothing? The main people involved in this argument would then be people who do not believe in God on the basis that God created everything and some of the things He created were bad. The thing that is on the line is our immortal souls. Is He there and was religion worth it? Myself and atheists who may read this paper must look broader than they may have ever looked before at any other time so that this problem can be truly seen without preconceived notions and bias. I will try to approach this argument from a purely factual point of view. No w my claim can be simply stated as the fact that God does not exist. The key terms and phrases that need defining would be God and existence. Webster’s Dictionary defines God as, â€Å"the Supreme Being; ruler of life and the universe.† This states that God is omnipotent and controls all that goes on within his universe. The next most important term would be existence. Webster’s Dictionary defines existence as, â€Å"the state or fact of having being especially independent of human consciousness and as contrasted with nonexistence.† This definition would then infer that existence is reality as opposed to appearance or a sentient or living being. With these definitions in mind, my claim then becomes the ruler of life and the universe does not have being especially independent of human consciousness and as contrasted with nonexistence. The audience for this argument would then mainly be theists. The problem that they would foresee that God does exist and His ex... Free Essays on Existence Of God Free Essays on Existence Of God My argument falls under the issues of religion and faith because the main question asked is, to believe or not to believe? The problem I see concerning this issue is not whether we believe in God, but if He truly exists. The only example I can think of to illustrate this problem would be to say, â€Å"What if?† What if we believe and it turns out that there is nothing after death or what if we believe but we find that faith has counted for nothing? The main people involved in this argument would then be people who do not believe in God on the basis that God created everything and some of the things He created were bad. The thing that is on the line is our immortal souls. Is He there and was religion worth it? Myself and atheists who may read this paper must look broader than they may have ever looked before at any other time so that this problem can be truly seen without preconceived notions and bias. I will try to approach this argument from a purely factual point of view. No w my claim can be simply stated as the fact that God does not exist. The key terms and phrases that need defining would be God and existence. Webster’s Dictionary defines God as, â€Å"the Supreme Being; ruler of life and the universe.† This states that God is omnipotent and controls all that goes on within his universe. The next most important term would be existence. Webster’s Dictionary defines existence as, â€Å"the state or fact of having being especially independent of human consciousness and as contrasted with nonexistence.† This definition would then infer that existence is reality as opposed to appearance or a sentient or living being. With these definitions in mind, my claim then becomes the ruler of life and the universe does not have being especially independent of human consciousness and as contrasted with nonexistence. The audience for this argument would then mainly be theists. The problem that they would foresee that God does exist and His ex... Free Essays on Existence Of God â€Å"Anselm, Aquinas and Augustine On the Existence of God† Synthesis Paper #1 The existence of God has come into question since the beginning of time. Throughout history, philosophers have searched for an answer to creation. How did the earth appear? Who is responsible? Why did they create humans, where do we come from and how did we get here? Regardless of the many theories, most thinkers manage to agree on one thing; there is some superior being responsible for Creation. I will explore the philosophies presented by St. Thomas Aquinas, St. Augustine and St. Anselm in an attempt to discover which, if any, has uncovered the unquestionable truth. Anselm, Aquinas and Augustine each exhibited a love of knowledge and shared strong ties to religion, namely Christianity. Apart from of their personal religious beliefs they also agree on several basic principles regarding creation. The most common thought these ancient seekers of wisdom share is the belief that a being greater than themselves upholds divine unity, goodness and power, someone called God. Augustine describes God as eternal, Anselm defines God as the â€Å"most perfect being† and Aquinas refers to God as the â€Å"unmoved mover.† Whatever name or label each philosopher chooses, they still agree that God has unlimited knowledge and intelligence while being the ultimate model of perfection. Augustine is first last and always a Christian. His philosophy explores his personal belief that wisdom can only be fully revealed through Christ. Augustine is convinced that the truth is one and that both philosophers and prophets have made important contributions to our understanding. Along those same lines, Aquinas considers philosophers as simply, lovers of wisdom who lack the fullness of knowledge as Christ reveals it. Augustine and Anselm base their views on the idea that faith and reason are the only true sources of human knowledge. On one hand, Anselm believes in God, but ...

A humble people

List the positive and the negative things Bingham says about the British. In the text are positive and negative things said about the British. Bingham is of the opinion that the positive things about British are that they are Imaginative and original, permissive and that they are at least not French. But he also believes that there are many bad things too. Firstly, he mentions that there are problems in society. Secondly he says that there is a lack in education. Additionally the managers and politicians combine worse attributes like greedy, incompetent and sleazy. And finally other bad things about British is according to Bingham that they hate their weather, the public services extremely bad, the house prices are very high, the roads Jammed, the football team not so good and that they drink to much. b) How does the author view multiculturalism in Britain today? Describe how, according to him, multiculturalism was different in the past. The authors view is that multiculturalism In Britain today causes less difficulties than in the past. He mentions that some people say that multiculturalism causes problems because of racial and religious tensions (1. 27-28) but he is convinced that this wont be a new challenge if it exists. According to him, multiculturalism in the past was always combined with bad manners like a sword in the belly (1. 31) in the age of the Vikings or bonfires, stakes and heretics (1. 32) in the sixteenth century. 2. Analysis Examine the style of the text think about *tone and *irony. Describe the effect on the reader. The author makes use of formal language but also incorporates colloquial elements. He is distinguished by his eloquence. Combining an elevated style with colloquial language gives a comic effect. The text varies in the use of simple and complex sentence construction. The text is written in an ironic style and contains many ornamental epithets. The text contains many comic elements. The tone of the text Is humorous. The vocabulary Is extensive. Essay about A humble people By Pantapon 1 . Comprehension opinion that the positive things about British are that they are imaginative and jammed, the football team not so good and that they drink to much. The authors view is that multiculturalism in Britain today causes less difficulties than because of racial and religious tensions (1. 27-28) but he is convinced that this wont ornamental epithets. The text contains many comic elements. The tone of the text is humorous. The vocabulary is extensive.

Mary Rowlandson captiviity narrative vs. Douglas slave narrative Research Paper

Mary Rowlandson captiviity narrative vs. Douglas slave narrative - Research Paper Example the most famous and moving of a number of narratives written by former slaves, in factual detail describes the events of his life as a slave and thereafter. Both works are considered influential in early American literature. Analyzing the two, one sees that what at first appears to be a connection bound by the notion of captivity, that connection is well superseded by the very different personal and overall goals of the writers. .. a single individual, usually a woman, [who] stands passively under the strokes of evil, awaiting rescue by the grace of God. The sufferer represents the whole, chastened body of Puritan society; and the temporary bondage of the captive to the Indian is dual paradigm-- of the bondage of the soul to the flesh and the temptations arising from original sin, and of the self-exile of the English Israel from England. In the Indians devilish clutches, the captive had to meet and reject the temptation of Indian marriage and/or the Indians "cannibal" Eucharist. To partake of the Indians love or of his equivalent of bread and wine was to debase, to un-English the very soul. The captives ultimate redemption by the grace of Christ and the efforts of the Puritan magistrates is likened to the regeneration of the soul in conversion. The ordeal is at once threatful of pain and evil and promising of ultimate salvation. Through the captives proxy, the promise of a similar salvation could be offere d to the faithful among the reading public, while the captives torments remained to harrow the hearts of those not yet awakened to their fallen nature. (Stokes 94) Narratives of slavery, such as that written by Frederick Douglass, recounted the personal experiences of ante-bellum African Americans who had escaped from slavery and found their way to safety in the North. Employing the tradition of the captivity narrative, narratives of slavery were similarly reliant on Biblical references and imagery. Differing in context, however, they were replete with

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Human Resource Management - Essay Example Some people believe the HR function can be performed by any person since traditionally; the role was performed by individuals who were the masters of the business. However, the business climate is dynamic and the role of HR has become more complex to be performed by any individual. Efforts such as certification are therefore being made to professionalize HRM and make HR professionals to be taken seriously by the senior management just like other fields and be considered as the strategic partner (Price, 2007). The nature and scope of HRM are very wide hence HR professionals perform many functions in the organization. This may warrant them to be recognized as professionals since their role is essential to the business. However, HR professionals need to demonstrate their value to the organization by showing results for them to be taken seriously. They also need to demonstrate certain qualities such as business knowledge, ability to support policies with data, strategic thinking among ot hers (Roehling et al. 2005). Most importantly, the managers must â€Å"continue to change and adapt to today’s complex, dynamic and fast-paced organizations if they are to grow and add value to the organization† (Sims 2007, p. 28). Scope and Concept of HRM The concept of HRM has evolved over time from personnel management to the current strategic human resource management. Just like other disciplines such as finance or marketing which are considered professional, HRM continues to grow and become more valuable especially as a result of globalization and other changes in the environment which require organizations to adapt to the changes and remain competitive or be pushed out of the market. For example, the growth of multinational has made the role of HR practitioners more complex as they have to deal with diversity issues (Redman & Wilkinson, 2009). Sims (2007) traces the origin of human resource management to England whereby craftspeople organized into guilds to regul ate employment conditions and also ensure quality. Later, the industrial revolution changed the nature of work to the factory system where employees were supervised by a person who was not the owner of the business. The workers undertook a trade test in order to join an organization and their jobs became more stable. Organizations in the 1920s began to have personnel departments to deal with employee payments, recruit workers and ensure compliance with government regulations. After World War II, there emerged new trends in personnel management with the formation of unions. The personnel managers had to deal with the unions to negotiate workers employment conditions hence the role of industrial relations emerged. According to Sims (2007), the personnel managers also undertook the role of recruiting and training women who were absorbed in the labour market. There was also the need to improve productivity hence the matching of people with jobs and concern for the worker's needs. It was believed that a satisfied worker was more productive. The development of theories such as Maslow’s hierarchy of needs led to the emergence of new ways of managing people.

Narayan Murthys Retirement Speech Essay Example for Free

Narayan Murthys Retirement Speech Essay Different people run out of endurance and intellectual horsepower at different points of time. Some people drop out of the marathon since they do not see any value in an organization when their own time under the arc light is over. A leaders responsibility is to recognize this, provide them opportunities outside the organization, and usher in suitable replacements. Infosys journey is replete with many such examples. The Essence of Leadership : Many intelligent people possess a high ego and low patience to deal with people less capable than themselves. Leaders have to manage this anomaly very carefully; counsel these errant people from time to time, and allow them to operate as long as they do not become dysfunctional and start harming the organization. If they do cross the threshold it takes courage to inform the individuals that their time in the organization is over and that they have to leave. However, one aspect that marks out a truly superior organization is the ability of its employees at all levels to be driven by values and to ensure adherence and compliance under any circumstance. No individual is high or important enough for an organization to put up with non compliance. Leadership by example is what creates trust in people to follow a leader. As long as a leader is able to show his or her sacrifice and commitment to a cause others will follow him or her I am glad we decided on respect from our stakeholders (customers, employees, investors, vendor, partners, government of the land and the society) as the primary objective of the company. I have seen hundreds of instances of such leadership-by-example at Infosys. A sense of ownership among employees is extremely important to build a long term future for a corporation. Such ownership comes from fair merit based and generous sharing of wealth and perquisites among each member of the company. This is my answer to many of my friends who wonder why when Infosys was founded I took a small percentage of my earlier salary while every other cofounders salary was increased by at least 10 per cent. The same friends tell me that they do not know of any other instance where as much as 10 to 15 per cent of the company equity was given to co-founders who had just 12 to 18 months of work experience. I do not know of any Indian company that has given away as much as Rs 50,000 crore (at current stock prices) of stock options to employees. Today; every Indian employee at every level who joined us on or before March 2010 is a stockholder of Infosys. The point I would like to make is that such acts demonstrate that our leaders walked the talk in sacrifice and commitment. Strategy is about ensuring sustained differentiation m a changing environment for better net income margins Differentiation without better net income margins is meaningless. In my opinion operating margins and earnings before taxes depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) are not appropriate measures. In fact the best measure of differentiation is the per capita free cash flow generated. Such cash flows bring cash to invest in better people research and development infrastructure training and better customer and employee confidence The famous Harvard historian Niall Ferguson says in his book Civilization: The West and the Rest that the six attributes that have made Western civilization dominant during the last five hundred years are ompetition, science, property rights, medicine, consumption and a good work ethic. I have been saying for many years now that the factors that differentiate a corporation from its competitors are an enduring value system open mindedness, pluralistic and meritocratic approach and practicing speed, imagination and excellence in execution. Leaders have to focus on creating such an environment. The Essence of Leadership : Leadershi p is about taking bold and firm decisions with incomplete information in an environment of uncertainty: Leaders who waffle do not inspire confidence in their people. It is important to use as much data and modeling as possible to eliminate clearly bad decisions. My decision to walk away from a Fortune 10 company when they contributed 25 % of our revenue was one such example of decision making under uncertainty. It was a tough decision that was taken so firmly and calmly that the head of sales at Infosys at that time thought I was not bothered about the future of the company! I had to explain to him that I did indeed agonize over it but that as a leader I could not be driven by panic since such an important decision required a calm and composed mind. Every leader must have a mental model of his or her business with at best five to seven parameters that determine sensitivity to revenue and net income. It is important to update that model suitably as the business landscape changes. Any leader who cannot quickly do such sensitivity calculation would not be able to take quick and bold decisions. Even today I carry and update the mental model of our business in my mind. Generosity is an essential part of a leader. It is the foundation on which teamwork is built. The ability to share the limelight with ones colleagues, the ability to step aside and give opportunity to younger people when they want that fame, power and glory: and the ability to provide a safety net of advice for them is an important aspect of strengthening the future of an organization. It is not easy to give up power, particularly when you have been the object of so much adulation. I must say that Infosys has done a good job in bringing two such transitions before I leave the portals of this company. What Makes an Organization Worldclass : Scalability is the true test of the endurance of an organization. The ability to grow successfully without losing quality productivity employee investor and customer satisfaction and the spirit of a small company is what makes Infosys a great company. We have grown from 50 customers to 620 customers from 10 projects to 6,500 projects from 100 employees to 130,820 employees from 100 sq ft to 28 million sq ft of built up space and from 100 investors to over 450,000 investors. Such a scalability exercise has been successful thanks to our PSPD model of operation. PSPD stands for Predictability of revenues, Sustainability of such predictability, Profitability of such realized revenues and Derisking. Predictability happens because of a good forecasting system that derives realistic data from the trenches and tempers it with the wisdom of senior business leaders. Sustainability refers to the systems that help the efforts of sales people beating the pavement and meeting customers to make the prediction true, the efforts of our delivery people to deliver quality products on time within budgets, and to the efforts of our finance people raising the invoice on time and collecting money on time. Profitability refers to the systems that help our people make value-based sales, follow rigorous budgeting exercises, control costs, get best value for money and ensure the agreed-upon profitability. Derisking refers to systems that identify risks in various dimensions of our operations people, geographies, technologies, application areas and services collect periodic data, review the risk levels and mitigate them. Innovation is the best instrument for creating sustained differentiation. However it must be accepted that revenues for a corporation come from well understood ideas and business models. For example, most of a banks revenues will come from borrowing money at a certain rate and lending it at a higher rate. Part of the profits from such models will be used for research and development to generate new ideas. A few of these ideas will be seeded and some of them will become mainstream revenue earners. Therefore, it is very important for a leader to focus on innovation particularly when the times are good. Customers put food on our table. Therefore, we have to have a laser focus on exceeding their expectations, being open and honest with them, and ensuring that they look good in front of their customers. Employees are the only instruments we have to make our customers and investors succeed. Therefore, we have to create an environment of openness, meritocracy; fairness, transparency, honesty and accountability amongst our employees. Our investors understand that businesses will have their share of up and downs. They want us, the management, to level with them at all times. Therefore, when in doubt, please disclose is a good policy for a corporation. Society provides customers, employees, investors, bureaucrats and politicians. Therefore, earning the goodwill of every society that we operate in is extremely important for us. Global benchmarking is a powerful instrument that helps us to improve our self-confidence, compete with the best global competitors and serve our customers better. Success and Failure We are our best friend and We are our Worst Enemies : We Indians must recognize as we have done at Infosys that we are our main enemies. There is no external enemy. Our failures are because of our lack of commitment to our cause, our inability to accept meritocracy and our indifference to honesty and want of a good work ethic amongst our leaders. Performance alone is the key differentiator. This stems from my belief that performance leads to recognition brings respect and respect brings power. Therefore if India wants to be a superpower as we keep hoping the only instrument we have is performance. We have demonstrated that businesses can be run legally and ethically that it is possible for an Indian company to benchmark with the global best and that any set of youngsters with values hard work team work and a little bit of smartness can indeed be successful entrepreneurs. This way we have enthused millions of young men and women in India. This in my opinion is Infosys greatest contribution. I have realized that humility grace and courtesy are genuine only when you have power and glory. That is why the leaders at Infosys have practiced this time and again. Humility provides us the strength of mind to learn from people better than us. Grace and courtesy make us worthy competitors. They also remind us that such glory and power are ephemeral and give us the strength to handle the days when we too could lose our shine. The crucial things we have to do in the future are to recognize our weaknesses; be open-minded about learning from people better than us; learn from our mistakes and not repeat them; be humble, honest and courteous; benchmark with the best in every dimension; use innovation to perform at global levels; and create a worthwhile vision and improve every day. This is how our mantra of focusing on speed imagination and excellence in execution will take this company very far. I have absolutely no doubt about it. I wish Kris and my fellow Infoscions the best in their journey forward. The board has been kind enough to name me the Chairman Emeritus. Therefore, I will always be there to add value if asked. Thanks, Narayana Murthy

Objectification of Women in The House of Mirth Essay -- House Mirth Es

Objectification of Women in The House of Mirth      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Edith Wharton's The House of Mirth is an affront to the false social values of fashionable New York society.   The heroine is Lily Bart, a woman who is destroyed by the very society that produces her.   Lily is well-born but poor.   The story traces the decline of Lily as she moves through a series of living residences, from houses to hotel lodgings.   Lily lives in a New York society where appearances are all.   Women have a decorative function in such an environment, and even her name, Lily, suggests she is a flower of femininity, i.e. an object of decoration as well as of desirability to the male element.   We see this is very true once Lily's bloom fades, as it were, a time when she is cast aside by her peers no longer being useful as something to admire on the surface.   The theme of the novel in this aspect is that identity based on mere appearance is not enough to sustain the human soul physically or metaphysically.   Once she is no longer able to keep the "eye" of her peers, Lily finds herself with no identity and dies.   This analysis will discuss the theme of the objectification of women in a male dominated society inherent throughout the novel.    Lily Bart and her mother have been socially "ruined" in a sense because of the economic failures of their father and husband respectfully.   However, Lily's mother teaches her that she can still maintain a high social status if she marries well, i.e. a rich man. In fact, Lily's mother is known for making the most out of the least as she is "famous for the unlimited effect she produced on limited means" (Wharton 48).   In a society where women are considered valuable only for the appearance they present, it is impossible f... ...vel could possibly be that women are commodified from the cradle to the grave and that never in a male dominated society will they ever be fully appreciated as separate entities with whole identities equal and separate from males.      WORKS   CITED       Restuccia, F. L.   "The Name of the Lily:   Edith Wharton's Feminism(s)." The House of Mirth:   Case Studies in Contemporary Criticism.   Benstock, S. (ed.).   New York, Bedford Books, 1994, 404-418.    Robinson, L. S.   "The Traffic in Women:   A Cultural Critique of The House of Mirth."   The House of Mirth:   Case Studies in Contemporary Criticism.   Benstock, S. (ed.).   New York, Bedford Books, 1994, 340-58.    Wharton, E.   The House of Mirth.   New York, Bedford Books, 1994.    2                                                      

Hotel Rwanda and United 93 Analysis of Film Techniques Essay

Hotel Rwanda, directed by Terry George, is a 2004 film made depicting the Rwandan genocides. The historical context of the film is in 1994 in Rwanda, when the extremist Interahamwe militias were gathering forces to kill Tutsi tribe’s people. They succeeded for the most part, killing more than 800,000 innocent people within a hundred days. The film is shown entirely from the point of view of Paul Rusesabagina, who hosted over 1200 Rwandan refugees in his Hotel Mille Collines. The camera only leaves Paul’s situation very rarely. The effect that this has on the veracity of the film is that it shows that this story is only his story. It recreates all the emotions of unpredictability, suspense and unsureness of what’s going to happen next. For example, in one of the scenes after Paul and his family enjoy a safe night together, the next morning he wakes up with a gun to his head. However, following Paul’s situation is used more than just for dramatic value. The audience is drawn in to the film, as if they are right there with Paul, and this creates a very â€Å"real† experience. United 93 uses second-skin camera placement to achieve effectively the same result. For example, during the hijacking, you would have all noticed the jerky motion of the camera and the â€Å"imperfect†, out-of-focus shots. They illustrate the confusion in the atmosphere. Again the audience feels as if they are the person watching through the lens of the camera and that they are actually involved in the situation, thus recreating reality for the viewers. In Hotel Rwanda, footage shot of the Interahamwe beating their victims is shown. It is footage that a news reporter catches on tape in the film, but is a replica of that which another man found in reality. Additionally, Paul says that after people see the footage they will intervene. The reporter replies to him that â€Å"People will watch the footage and say, ‘Oh my god that’s horrible,’ and then they’ll go back to eating their dinners.† This quote sums up the harsh and ugly reality of the Rwandan people’s situation – that it was seen as insignificant and trivial. Similarly United 93 uses a lot of broadcasted material in the film. For  example, the coverage of the trade centres being attacked enhances the genuine nature of the film and allows the audience to remember the news coverage of the day as well. In some of the scenes in Hotel Rwanda, real Rwandan soldiers are used. Their experience brings an authenticity to the film. However, in United 93, the professionals re enact their role on the day of the attacks. For example, after the second attack, in the military, the woman had to continue giving coordinates despite the emotional turmoil and shock that she was feeling. Using real people deters from the drama of the film and brings it back to the real world where they must continue their duties in spite of whatever may happen. During almost all of Hotel Rwanda, there is the diegetic sound of gunfire in the background. Sometimes, gunfire disturbs even the most beautiful and peaceful of scenes. For example, when Paul and his wife are on the roof of the hotel enjoying a talk, they can hear and see the gunfire as they look out into the city. These kinds of intrusions constantly remind the audience of the graveness of the situation, and engage them in the atmosphere, creating a constant fear and paranoia of what will happen next. United 93 sometimes has talking in the background and never focuses on one person’s speech either. Especially in the scenes with Ben Sliney, it was sometimes difficult to tell who was talking. The people working in the background even had voices to answer to. That’s exactly what it would be like if we were there – there would be people talking over people and constant confusion. This texture of sound again adds to how genuine the film is perceived to be. Terry George and Paul Greengrass employ similar and different techniques to achieve verisimilitude in their films. Greengrass kept his movie as true to the events as possible. Terry George added in a few extra bits to add to its entertainment value, yet managed to capture the scope of the genocides very well, tell the story of Paul Rusesabagina in a credible manner, and maintain historical veracity. â€Å"Hotel Rwanda† (2004) directed by Terry George†United 93†³ (2006) directed by Gary Ross

Deep Water in Deep Trouble Essay

What type(s) of control- feedforward, concurrent, or feedback- do you think would have been most useful in this situation? Explain your choice(s) Feedforward control would have been a good start in this situation. It would have been wise to check all of the gages on the ship before heading out onto the water. After checking once it would not hurt to double check in case something was over looked. Since the job is already dangerous, there should have been action taken to check the things that could create any bad situations. Instead, these things were not checked and lives were lost, the economy and the environment were affected by this ordeal. When signs of the problems started showing up, there should have been action taken to get everyone off the ship safely and quickly. Concurrent control would be the next thing that should have happened. Since the ship was so large and going to do such as big job, someone should have been assigned to watch the gages carefully and check all of the little things that make the ship run. Maybe if the problems would have been addressed in a timely manner, the incident could have been prevented or not as tragic. After it was all said and done is where feedback control steps in to place. By taking notes of the signs, what happened and possible ways to prevent it in the future would have been significant information. These kinds of documents could help others in the future and be a lesson to BP to have an inspection before leaving the dock. Using exhibit 10-2 explain what BP could have done better. By measuring the actual performance there could have been a test run of the ship on the course to its destination. Upon taking off, there could have been smaller ships that followed alongside to make sure there was safety if the ship had any problems. In doing so, the operator of the ship could have learned about the glitches beforehand which may have prevented the explosion. By doing a practice run, they might have been able to see the problems and put this particular job on halt until the errors were repaired. Another key element would be making sure their CB radios worked and called the right location. Once the practice run was in progress, the leading manager could have assigned jobs to the other employees. These jobs could have included checking the bottom deck, watching gages, and watching for any potential threats in the water. Each employee could have filled out a report to show what they inspected and what the outcome was of the inspection. If a section did not pass the inspection, the manager would have knowledge of what needed attention. Then the ship could have been prepared to go on their journey. Once the manager gave out the instructions on what to fix and assigned people to those jobs, another inspection could have taken place. This inspection would be to re-check the problem areas for proper corrections. Then, if all of the parts passed inspection, they would know the ship is in top condition to set sail on their trip. Schedules could have been made out for certain people to check on the areas that had problems. By assigning certain individuals, it could have helped keep better track of complications. Why do you think company employees ignored the red flags? How could such behavior be changed in the future? I think there are several ways the red flags may have been overlooked. One possible way would be poor job training. If you aren’t trained to know what something is supposed to look like or how it is supposed to work then you wouldn’t know what a problem is you saw one. It seems more and more employees have little training when being hired on to a job. That, or they just do not pay attention to what their trainer tells them. By not knowing the proper ways to do things could lead to more on the job accidents, like what happened with the BP ship. Another reason that it could have been overlooked is laziness. While the report says the problem went unnoticed until after the fact, doesn’t necessarily mean that someone did not see the problem and think it wasn’t a big enough problem to hurt anything. I think this kind of practice is becoming more common which is a scary thought. There are several ways to prevent such behavior in the future. The way the employees interact when they are trained is most likely a glimpse into their work ethic. It is not wise to show them shortcuts or easier ways to do  things in case they are on the job and need to know the correct way of doing the job. If they were to be taught an easier way and a problem arose it could cause an even bigger problem or possibly an injury. It could also leave them clueless as to what to do when they are on their own in the job. Another idea, would be to have regular meetings on the ship that are mandatory for all staff to attend. In these meetings the management team could address the rules, what is expected of the other employees, and where the ship is headed. What could other organizations learn from BP’s mistakes? A few things that other organizations could learn from this mistake is to always check for red flags. When you check your work, you have less of a chance of something going wrong. Another thing would be communication. Communication is always important, but even more so in business. When employees communicate with one another they stay better informed and sometimes learn more about their jobs from others. Communication also helps employees to know what their job is and in what areas need progress. By enforcing strict rules, it would help companies to keep their employees more focused on their jobs which will help the company be more successful. When a company sticks by the enforced rules, there is less of a chance of employees thinking they are able to slack off or take advantage of their positions due to fear of consequences. I think when managers pick favorites they allow them to bend or even break the rules. I believe that all managers should treat all employees equally and not cut slack to certain people. When this happens, it causes other employees to be hostile towards those employees and the managers that do it, which makes a lot of them not want to do as good of a job.

Role of Man-Maintaining Ecological Balance Essays

Role of Man-Maintaining Ecological Balance Essays Role of Man-Maintaining Ecological Balance Essay Role of Man-Maintaining Ecological Balance Essay Uncertain and Changing seasons, increasing global temperature (Global Warming), Increasing water level of sea, ozone layer problem, melting down of south and North Pole, increasing level of carbon emission in the air and many such alarming and demanding situations are the outcomes of deteriorated ecological balance. Temperature of Globe is increasing in last one or two decades unlike earlier eras. There are different reasons of such result in increasing Global temperature – called Global Warming and these reasons are- 1. Industrial Development and Pollution 2. Increasing vehicular pollution 3. Ozone depletion layer 4. Reducing number of forests 5. Reducing level of ground water 6. Inorganic farming and agriculture 7. Cutting of trees in urban and rural areas 8. Reducing number of animals and birds 9. Increasing population 10. Wrong goals of Economic system (Profit and Money oriented) Though there are different actions needed to correct these problems and achieve ecological balance but moreover it is resulting out of a person and demanding speed of life. If we can control these two things we can save earth from early death. Even controlling speed of life can control the global warming by 50% compared to current speed of deterioration. Simpler Problem, Difficult To Solve There are different problems, which look very simple but are difficult to tackle; one of these problems is Drinking Water Drinking Water There is acute shortage of drinking water in major cities of the world. Other than this the water supplied is not at all drinkable. â€Å"Some people say that there can be a third world war due to non availability of drinking water so you must have to understand the scarcity of the problem. Decreasing Raw Food Grains production Due to uncertain rains and seasons many countries in the world are facing reducing level of production of food grains. SO it is necessary to use food processing to store the raw food for longer periods using natural, semi-natural and un-natural preservatives. Control of Carbon Emission Western and European countries have understood the impact of carbon emissions and present leve l of carbon in the air and they are trying to control carbon emission in many different ways except one, vehicular pollution. Comparing western countries with Asian and Developing countries where the economic growth is faster today or in nearer future, due to the availability of money in hand people are going for cars, vehicles at an increasing number and that too when it is not required for their family for daily usage. Many purchase it as status symbol. And since they have car they go for outing in a car every week. It is better to use public transport to use public transport. Reducing Number of Vehicles Reducing industrial pollution. Sustainable Development The development has to be there, but it must be sustainable, means we will have science and technology for easy life, but the development will sustain longer than today’s approach. It means that we must control use of chemicals, nuclear radiations and carbon emissions in such a way that the effect of these things will be slower or negligible. How to achieve sustainable development The way to achieve it is simple. We must use natural means as far as possible. Renewable energy resources must be used. USE solar Power Solar power is available from sunrays. Sun Rays are available in almost 70% of globe and can be used as electrical and heating energy for water, food, cooking. Rain Water Harvesting Rainwater can be stored and filtered for use of washing and plantation. Vehicle Fuel Solar energy, water or Hydrogen as a fuel. Use  of battery as vehicle energy. Industrial Fuel White Coal (Coal made from grass and wood). Solar energy for water heating and low power electricity. Bio Gas for heating. Bio Diesel Generators for Industrial Electricity. PLASTIC Use as minimum plastic as possible. Solid Waste Towns cities are facing very big problem of solid waste. It is almost impossible to manage the quantity of solid waste. The waste ground provided by the government are insufficient as population of the cities and towns keeps on growing. Organic farming -agriculture We must use natural methods to increase production in farming and agriculture. Earthworm composts are very good for farming and agriculture. Reducing use of wood Wood should be used as minimum as possible. Find Alternative for Cement as Construction Material Cement as a construction material produces more heat and hence is not advisable material for construction. One good alternative is Ciporex. Economy should change Profit and Money being the motive of the present economy it is causing trouble for the world. We must have economy which will have values embedded. Rewards for good work, rewards for honesty. Conclusions The damage due to manmade material is not repairable by money or other manmade material at least today. If today we are not able to control nature by science and technology, do you think, we can do so in future? If we are not able to generate nature with the help of science and technology we must try to protect is honestly. Everything that is born is going to die, but let it be at least a natural death.